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United States Foreign Service Institute
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» Chinese Cantonese I » Chinese Cantonese II
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Out and About in Beijing
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Units 1 - 15 Units 16 - 30 |
Cantonese is the principal language of the Kwangtung province in Southeast China, parts of the Kwangsi province and of Hong Kong and Macao. In addition, Cantonese is spoken by ethnic Chinese in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, and Malaysia. Almost all Americans of Chinese descent in the United States are of Cantonese origin.
The course deals with daily life in Hong Kong and includes samples of speech, explanations of basic language structure, and a variety of practical exercises. Each lesson contains basic conversations, grammar and cultural notes, pattern drills, conversations for listening, and 'say it in Cantonese', that provides English-to-Cantonese practice. Also included with this course are vocabulary checklist and a cumulative glossary.
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Cantonese (also known as Yue) is one of several major languages in China and has approximately 64 million speakers (Grimes 1992). Of those 64 million, there are more than 46 million speakers in southern China and over 5 million in Hong Kong. Cantonese speakers are also found in Malaysia (750,000), Vietnam (500,000), Macao (500,000), Singapore (33,000), and Indonesia (18,000). Smaller communities (less than 30,000 speakers) also exist in Thailand, New Zealand, Philippines, Costa Rica, Brunei, and Nauru. Sizeable Chinese communities use Cantonese in Canada (several hundred thousand), the United States (for example, 180,000 in San Francisco), Australia, the United Kingdom, Panama, the Netherlands, and some other European countries.
The various Chinese languages are often referred to as dialects because they have in common the Chinese writing system. Thus, an educated speaker of any of the language varieties recognizes written Chinese, but may pronounce it in his or her own "dialect." These "dialects," however, are not mutually intelligible. Hence, from a linguistic point of view, they are not considered proper dialects but rather as separate languages (Norman 1988). The term language is used here to refer to the major distinctions within Chinese (for example, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, and Min) and the term dialect to refer to further distinctions (for example, Toishan is a dialect of Cantonese).
The term Cantonese comes from the name of the place called Canton, now known as Guangzhou, the port city in southeast China and capital of Guangdong province. However, recent studies (China Encyclopedia Publishers 1988) reveal that Cantonese is exclusively used in less than half of the areas in the province. It is the only or major language in forty counties and cities of the province. It is also spoken in sixteen other counties, co-existing with other variants of Chinese. In the neighboring province of Guangxi, it is used in twenty three counties, usually together with other varieties of Chinese.
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